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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that occurs when insulin resistance and eventual insulin deficiency lead to high blood glucose. Extensive research is currently underway to better understand the causes of insulin resistance in the body. Numerous factors, such as obesity, toxin exposure, infections, and emotional stress all contribute to chronic inflammation and the development of this chronic condition and its many negative sequelae.

Several large clinical trials have shown that control of hyperglycemia alone does reduce the microvascular (small blood vessel) complications of diabetes but it does not definitively reduce the macrovascular (large vessel) complications, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). It also does not decrease mortality. This suggests, then, that only focusing on treating blood glucose numbers in diabetics is not sufficient. Additional focus should be given to reducing inflammation and improving lifestyle factors, which can have microvascular benefits and lengthen lifespan. This Whole Health tool offers evidence-based suggestions on how the Whole Health approach can enhance T2DM care.

Patients need to know that T2DM is a preventableand reversibledisease in most cases. It is estimated that 90% of diabetes is preventable through changes in diet and exercise, elimination of smoking, and moderation of alcohol intake.[1]

Summary of Treatment Recommendations

Food and Drink

Low glycemic index (GI) diet. The low-GI diet focuses on carbohydrate type. GI measures how quickly a carbohydrate affects postprandial glucose levels. Low GI foods result in a more gradual rise in glucose and insulin release versus high GI foods. More insulin release in a short time period can lead to more abrupt drops in glucose levels and promote chronic inflammation. Over time, the low-GI eating can result in a 0.4% to 0.5% reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c).[2][3] For more information, refer to the Glycemic Index. Whole Health tool.

Mediterranean diet. The Mediterranean diet is anti-inflammatory and has been found to counteract the chronic inflammation associated with many chronic diseases. Patients should be encouraged to decrease proinflammatory fats and enhance omega-3 intake while reducing the intake of omega-6 fats. This can result in an 83% reduction in diabetes incidence, with 0.1%-0.6% reduction in HgbA1C.[4] For more information, refer to The Anti-Inflammatory Lifestyle and the Choosing a Diet Whole Health tool.

Vegetarian diet. Plant-based diets may be associated with lower circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). They have been found to lead to a 1.23% reduction in HgbA1C, according to one randomized controlled trial (RCT).[5]

Very Low Energy Diets (VLEDs). A 2020 review and meta-analysis of intermittent and continuous VLEDs suggested that this approach to eating is an effective therapy for rapid weight loss and glycemic control, as well as improved lipid metabolism, specifically in T2DM populations that are overweight and obese. Further research is still required to determine long-term benefits or risks of this dietary choice.[6]

Plant-Based diets: A 2018 review of studies related to the implementation of plant-based diets with people diagnosed with T2DM showed some statistically significant health associations. These include improved emotional well-being, physical well-being, depression, quality of life, general health, hemoglobin A1c levels, weight, and both total and LDL cholesterol.[7]

Specific food and drink choices. While there is limited high-quality evidence at this time, one review of 15 RCTs suggested that there may be a benefit of drinking water or mineral water as a way of supporting glycemic control. The data are favorable in animal models at this point in time.[8] One of the many areas that is discussed in the literature is the role that increasing omega-3 or polyunsaturated fats in the diet of people diagnosed with diabetes. A 2019 review and meta-analysis of 83 randomized trials concluded that increasing these types of foods in the diet has little or no effect on the prevention or treatment of T2DM.[9] That being said, a 2018 meta-analysis concluded that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids do, in fact, produce favorable hypolipidemic effects, reduce proinflammatory cytokines, and improve hyperglycemia. Another whole food that has been researched with regard to its role in incorporating into a diet is ginger. A 2019 review and meta-analysis of 8 studies showed that while there was no significant change in fasting blood sugar, there was a statistically significant improvement in hemoglobin A1c in these studies from baseline to follow-up.[10] Another 2019 review suggested that blueberry and cranberry consumption may also have potential positive effects on glycemic control.[11]

Weight Loss

Weight loss is recommended for overweight and obese patients with T2DM, independent of the type of diet a person follows.[12] Moderate weight loss (5% of body weight) can improve insulin action, decrease fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentrations, and reduce the need for diabetes medications.[13][14] When weight loss is not achievable, weight maintenance should be stressed.

Studies suggest patients with diabetes and insulin resistance will lose more weight on low GI, high protein diets.[15][16][17][18]

Dietary Supplements

Substituting supplements for drug therapy is rarely helpful for the disease process and may be dangerous in some cases. Supplements can be helpful to patients who want to maximize their health as part of a comprehensive health plan.

Supplements which may benefit diabetic patients include the following:[19]

• Fish Oil
• Cinnamon
• Chromium
• Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)
• Vitamin D
• Magnesium
• Vitamin E
• Pycnogenol
• Fiber

In general, fiber, fish oil, and vitamin D can be recommended routinely, as most diabetics will benefit from these supplements for overall health. Chromium and cinnamon can be recommended in patients who have pre-diabetes or early diabetes and want to avoid medications. For more detailed information on this topic, refer to Supplements to Lower Blood Sugar Whole Health tool.

Moving the Body

Yoga. Two systematic reviews concluded that yoga likely benefits patients with T2DM by lowering blood sugars, LDL, triglycerides, body weight, waist to hip ratio, and HbA1c, as well as raising HDL.[21][22] A 2017 review of 12 randomized controlled trials totaling 864 patients re-demonstrated these physiological benefits of yoga practice.[23] A 2016 review also noted that there was some limited evidence suggesting other health benefits of yoga practice in people with T2DM, including lower oxidative stress and blood pressure, as well enhanced pulmonary and autonomic function; it also demonstrated improved mood, sleep, and quality of life, as well as reduced medication use.[24] A 2017 review and meta-analysis of 23 studies with 2,473 participants also showed that yoga improved glycemic control.[25] Interestingly, a 2018 review of studies comparing yoga with physical exercise (the control group), showed that yoga practice was associated with a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose, A1c, and BMI compared to the control group.[26] Despite the greater number of studies and reviews being published, there is still significant heterogeneity across the research, and further study is still needed.Exercise is a fundamental component of diabetes care that helps weight reduction and glucose uptake. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity weekly, over at least 3 days a week, with no more than 2 consecutive days without activity. Resistance training provides additional benefit and is recommended at least twice weekly for the 5 major muscle groups.[20]

Tai chi and qi gong. A 2018 systematic review of 8 studies on tai chi showed that a tai chi practice of at least 150 minutes per week was associated with lowering hemoglobin A1c on average by 1.48%. Fasting blood glucose and body mass index (BMI) were also significantly reduced, while quality of life was improved. This same review also analyzed 12 studies on Ba Duan Jin qi gong (Eight Brocades qi gong). This particular qi gong practice was associated with a decrease in hemoglobin A1c on average by 0.77%, while also improving fasting blood glucose, BMI, and depression.[27] Another 2018 meta-analysis corroborated these benefits of tai chi practice on significantly reducing A1c, and even suggested that tai chi showed marginally better reduction than other aerobic exercises.[28] A more extensive 2018 review and meta-analysis of 39 randomized controlled trials (11 tai chi, 6 general qi gong, 22 Eight Brocades qi gong), further supports the conclusion that these forms of movement significantly lower hemoglobin A1c and fasting blood glucose.[29] Lastly, a 2019 review and meta-analysis showed that tai chi practice in people with T2DM also significantly reduced blood pressure and improved quality of life.[30]

Structured exercise training programs lead to greater glycemic control than unstructured exercise in diabetic patients

Power of the Mind

Biofeedback. One RCT involving 30 participants found improvement in HgbA1c with biofeedback techniques.[31] Biofeedback can, among other things, produce clinically significant toe temperature elevations which is associated with increased circulation, improvement of claudication pain, increased physical activity, more rapid healing of diabetic ulcers, and improved overall functional status.[32]

Meditation. Several RCTs show improvement in glucose control with different meditation techniques. There is compelling evidence for an association between mental stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity. Increased catecholamine levels released by the adrenal glands affect glucose transport and insulin resistance, suggesting a mechanism by which reduced stress levels might improve diabetes control.[33][34]

Surroundings

It has been suggested that diet and exercise cannot fully explain the current T2DM epidemic throughout the world, and that the prevalence of toxins, including the exponential rise in production and release of organic and inorganic chemicals into the environment during the last half-century, is a major contributing factor.[35][36][37] Refer to Figure 1.

Patients with diabetes or at risk of developing diabetes should be encouraged to limit toxin exposure when possible. For more information, refer to the Food Safety Whole Health tool and the Surroundings Whole Health overview.

Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches

Acupuncture. Acupuncture to improve glycemic control in diabetes and pre-diabetic states has been reported in the literature for over half a century, but the evidence is limited and of poor quality.[39][40] A 2019 review and meta-analysis of 21 studies with a total of 1,943 participants suggested that acupuncture could be effectively used as a supplementary treatment in managing T2DM, especially in people with obesity and metabolic disorders. At this point in time, the quality of the evidence is still limited, though it does suggest there may be a reduction in fasting blood glucose, 2-hour blood glucose, and A1c associated with acupuncture plus standard of care treatments.[41] There is some evidence that acupuncture reduces symptoms of diabetic complications (discussed in the next section).

Cardiovascular Disease

It is widely agreed that diabetes increases a patients risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients should be counseled that the lifestyle interventions most helpful for management of diabetes will also reduce their morbidity and mortality from CVD. This includes weight loss, increasing physical activity, following a Mediterranean diet, and stress reduction.

Peripheral Neuropathy

The following interventions can be considered in patients with diabetic neuropathy:

• Acupuncture.[42][43] A number of masked studies support the use of acupuncture. In one study, the benefits of acupuncture lasted for up to six months and reduced the use of other analgesics.
• Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA).[44] This free radical scavenger antioxidant has been shown to be efficacious in the management of painful neuropathies when administered parenterally. It can also be given orally. Oral dose is 300 mg daily.
• Magnet Therapy.[45] Static magnetic sole inserts have been found to reduce neuropathic pain when administered daily over three to four months.
• Capsaicin.[46] This alkaloid, which is found in red pepper, depletes tissue of substance P and reduces chemically induced pain. Capsaicin is applied topically.
• Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC).[47] Studies have shown ALC supplementation reduces pain and improves nerve fiber regeneration and vibration perception. Dose is 500-1000 mg three times daily.

Gastroparesis

• There is some evidence to support the use of acupuncture for symptomatic gastroparesis.[48]
• Digestive enzymes therapy can be considered in patients with gastroparesis, though high-level evidence is not available to support their use.

Caring for diabetics is complicated, even without the inclusion of alternative therapies. Pharmacologic management is important but should not be the only treatment option presented to patients. Holistic therapy involves all aspects of a patients lifestyle as well as their goals to make positive health changes.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus was written by Jacqueline Redmer, MD, MPH and updated by Vincent Minichello, MD (2014, updated 2020).